Was The Ku Klux Klan An Extremist Movement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1773 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Ku Klux Klan Essay Did you like this example?   At the end of the American civil war in 1866 the Ku Klux Klan formed. It is a white supremacist group that uses violence and intimidation to reassert white domination in the United States. The Klans attacks have been aimed at African Americans, Jews, Catholics, immigrant and other minority groups.The Ku Klux Klan believes that after the Civil War in America white citizens faced many problems due to the release of African American slaves. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Was The Ku Klux Klan An Extremist Movement?" essay for you Create order They feared that these slaves would rise up and form a revolt against white Americans. The Klan believes many of these cases did occur and the government turned a blind eye too often. The Ku Klux Klan then formed in May of 1866 to make sure the people wouldnt rebel.It is said that members of the Klan attacked many coloured citizens and many were tortured and murdered. In 1871 congress passed an act that gave permission to the president to intervene in troubled states where disturbances due to the Ku Klux Klan occurred. This legislation was used several times, however by that time the Klan had already achieved its objective of white supremacy and the group practically disappeared. The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was to some extent an extremist movement because of the extreme killing they did, the fear that caused them to do it, and because the thought of rebellion would happen. William J. Simmons reformed the Ku Klux Klan in 1915. By the end of the First World War the group became just as hostile to Jews, Roman Catholics, socialists, communists and foreigners. In 1922 Hiram W. Evans became the Klans main leader and under his leadership the organization grew rapidly and many Klansmen were elected into political power. By 1925 the membership grew to 4 million.After the conviction of the Clans leader, David C. Stephenson for second degree murder membership fell to around 30, 000. This then continued during the great depression and the Second World War and in 1944 the organization disappeared. KKK is known as the Ku Klux Klan, the name for a group of White Americans who hated non-whites people. The Ku Klux Klan members were racist and killed the black peoples. Ku Klux Klan is classified by British Dictionary means a secret organization of White Southerners created after the civil war to fight back emancipation and Northern domination. They started a Ku Klux Klan to put fear and terrified the innocent Black Americans after they lost confederate war. The Ku Klux Klan members discriminated against different groups such as Roman Catholics, Jewish, Latinos, and African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan is the most American hatred group who forced the blacks and other non-white people to live in a fear that they did not deserve.Klansmen were sworn to protect, one had particular urgency.pg 217  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In 1865, the Ku Klux Klan was created as a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee by the six Confederate Army Veterans. The Confederate Army Veterans were John Lester, James Crowe, John Kennedy, Calvin Jones, Richard Reed, and Frank McCord. They required overturning the new Republican state governments and putting the black men out of the politics. They also banned the black labor and rebuild black subordination. During the meeting at Maxwell House in Nashville, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest was selected as a grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan while other generals served as state grand dragons. In 1869, the Ku Klux Klan threatened black voters and reversed the elected Republican governments in the South. In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed legislation and Ku Klux Klan acts to protect blacks rights on violence. Ku Klux Klan focused on opposing African/Black Americans when it was established. They opposed anyone who supported them and the federal government because they support ed their rights. As time passed, the groups of people turned into enemies of the Ku Klux Klan such as Jewish people and other different immigrants. The major targets of the Ku Klux Klan were Black Americans and Jews because they were famous. After the American Civil War, the members of the Ku Klux Klan targeted the African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan was never considered former slaves as being free and intimidated African American relatives in the South. There were numerous different groups had immigrated to America for several years. It is an ordinary legend that the Ku Klux Klan targeted only the Black Americans; they also hated Jews, Catholics, and poor black families in the South. In 1915, the Second Ku Klux Klan was founded by William Joseph Simmons in Atlanta, Georgia. The Second Ku Klux Klan fought to maintain the dominance of white protestants over Black/African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and new immigrants. They still attacked African Americans, Jews, and Catholics during that time. In 1920, the economic problems were raising that made the Ku Klux Klan grow again. The Ku Klux Klan argued over White Supremacy that they were better than the people that are not white and rule them. Before World War II, the Ku Klux Klan controlled the white supremacist while the Great Depression disappeared during the war. Many white men were fighting off for their country and white racists had little support for uprisings against minorities. The black Americans lived in Atlanta during the war; they were still subject to discrimination and violent attacks. One of the main issues that faced Black Americans in Atlanta was discrimination in the workplace and community. The Ku Klux Klan was vanished from the war when there was no real leadership or way to select new members. They stopped because they owed more money than it could pay. Members of the Ku Klux Klan wore traditional white hoods and robes known as a glory suit with masks and a tapering hat to hide their identities. These costumes are still worn today by the Ku Klux Klan in the states such as Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, Delaware, Virginia, etc. There are reasons why the Ku Klux Klan attacked Black/African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan still continues its hate all over the United States lecturing its beliefs to all Americans and advised everyone to join for the good of their country. The Black Americans were free people, but they had the same rights as the white people. The White Americans became furious and formed groups to support their beliefs to let people with the same ideas to gather and share their ideas. The purpose was to provide the people of the South with the leadership to get the values of Western Civilization back that was in use from the m. The Ku Klux Klan might have been established because some white people were jaded then they created a group but never knew how much their little club could influence American history to this day. White Americans hated Black Americans, they were racist so they started to kill and murder the innocent black people. The way White Americans treated Black Americans were worse. They treated Black Americans awful. The Ku Klux Klan members killed black people by hanging without a trial, and took the law into their own hands. It was difficult for the government to change white people behaviors in the South. Today, some White Americans are still discriminating against Black Americans. Black people do not need white people to like or love them. As for the Ku Klux Klan inspired violence, they should understand that hurting black people was a crime under the federal law. People who committed the hate crimes were prosecuted as they are back then and now. The Ku Klux Klan still exists today all over the United States. The Ku Klux Klan burned the houses, churches, and schools that owned by the Black Americans. Teachers were attacked, and freed people who refused to show respect were beaten and killed by the members of Ku Klux Klan. Blacks were also beaten up for refusing to work for whites and for having job s whites wanted. Black people from Georgia fought their attackers, restore their houses, churches, and schools. They were shot back during attacks in their communities. These attacks terrorized some freed people; they failed to destroy the cultural and social independence that blacks had gained with emancipation. The first group of the Ku Klux Klan did not burn crosses. It took almost forty years for that tradition to take place. In 1915, the founder of the Second Ku Klux Klan -William Joseph Simmons burned a cross during the meeting of the newly-established Knights of the Ku Klux Klan on the Stone Mountain near Atlanta. Burning crosses are considered one of the hallmarks for Ku Klux Klan ever since. They burned the cross as a symbol to create terror. Racism against non-white people is all over the world today. There were many white supremacists blamed immigrants. The racism of non-whites are well around the world. In the world today, there are still White Americans who think they are better than the Black Americans and this is causing conflict and all kinds of problems in all regions of the world. When the Ku Klux Klan first started, White Americans were the only members who joined because they were racists. Racist whites joined the Ku Klux Klan. They focused the majority of its hate and violence on Black/African Americans. Today, some White Americans in other states are still racist and hating black people and other people that are not whites. They do not have lots of members today as they used to have in the 19th and 20th centuries. The racist is never ending in this world. Political and violence are the two methods used by the Ku Klux Klan. They attacked black political leaders and they took the heads of black families, including black leaders of the churches and communities because they had roles. The Ku Klux Klan uses the method of violence to control the lives of blacks. They killed numerous of Black/African Americans and wounded black republicans. Researching on this topic made me feel frightened knowing that everything happened in the Ku Klux Klan was worse. The Ku Klux Klan is the Americas most hated group today. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Ku Klux Klan was created to stop the blacks from voting and attacked them. They use fear to control the blacks and take the political rights away from them. They also used their white power and rule the blacks. The Ku Klux Klan is a problem that will never end. As we all know, the Ku Klux Klan will be active for a period of time and then fade away. Hopefully this hatred group will stop in the future, so the Black Americans can get their freedom.

Obamacare And Affordable Care Act - 930 Words

Public administration is just like any other administration that is for the public’s interest and its main purpose serves as a government policy. It is a course of action that is taken through government party into a policy. Public administration is the management of public programs. It is considered a public affair that works mainly with the executive branch and is part of governmental functions. Obama’s Health Care Reform, better known as ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It is officially called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or Affordable Care Act (ACA). This act is meant to provide affordable, good quality health care to all Americans and to cut health care spending. The ACA has been on ongoing struggle to reform the health care system. Almost 50 million Americans still lack health coverage despite the fact that ObamaCare continues to help provide an increasing amount of Americans with access to affordable, quality health insurance . ObamaCare doesn’t take place until 2014, 2013 is considered one of the most important years in history of ObamaCare. The ACA is meant to be an affordable coverage to 30 million Americans by making having affordable insurance for employers from middle to low income Americans and expanding Medicaid and Medicare. The main goal is to lower the healthcare cost and give better healthcare. ObamaCare is also meant to lower premiums and insurance costs. All Americans are required to have insurance and givesShow MoreRelatedObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare, was passed in March 2010. This over-1000-page Act implements a number of reforms designed to increase the availability of health care for individuals. The Act created a Health Insurance Marketplace, a universal way to sign up for subsidized health care plans (which are cheaper), though you can only get certain plans from certain places, including an expanded Medicaid. It also creates an incentive to purchase health insurance-if you don t, youRead MoreObamacare And The Afford able Care Act1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act was created to make an attempt to reduce the amount we pay for healthcare. â€Å"Healthcare premiums were too expensive for many families to afford,† is a common issue among citizens today, and we have come to the conclusion that Obamacare can help reduce that amount. Ever since this has been put in place, many Americans deny this, but it says that even if you aren’t 100 percent healthy it will still cover you, unlike regular healthcare premiums opposed that. Another benefit thatRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act expanded the 1965 bill passed under President Johnson that created Medicare and Medicaid (â€Å"LBJ Presidential Library,† 2015). While the Affordable Care Act, or â€Å"Obamacare† as it has been dubbed by the media, has many components, the focus here is the expansion of Medicaid. Obamacare sought to expand Medicaid to cover those who earn too much to qualify for traditional Medicaid, but not enough to afford employer-provided health care. These people are said toRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act: Obamacare1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act, often referred to as the ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It has created a lot of controversy since its debut. The Healthcare reform will affect all Americans. The issue has many Americans believing it is a great thing for our country while others believe it is a terrible idea and then of course there are those who don’t know what to think. By Jan 1, 2014 Americans will be required to purchase a health care policy or will have to pay a penalty. Ready or notRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act997 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Professor Eastman English 1020 29 January 2015 Obamacare’s Healthier America Health care has been a controversial topic of discussion for all Americans since it was put in effect many years ago. Currently the biggest debate of Healthcare up to date is Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, is a Health care Reform that is a governmental attempt to make basic health care easily obtainable. However, there are no benefits without cost in situations like this,Read MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act928 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States, Barack Obama, signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which is commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or familiarly the Obamacare (What is ObamaCare). President Obama created ACA to make health care more affordable and accessible for people in the United States. The Affordable Care Act guarantees most people will have health insurances as well as reduces the high cost of health care of individual and government. These are also two points that th e ACARead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1507 Words   |  7 Pageshealth care coverage for all; and that is called The Affordable Care Act ( ACA)1 or also known as Obamacare. This program provides standardized medical expenses/procedures to be made and allows everyone -- who is eligible -- to have coverage. However, I think that we need to take in account how Obamacare is negatively impacting the lower class, middle class, and upper class; therefore, we should remove it. This law became effective on March 23, 2010 (Key Features of The Affordable Care Act). ObamacareRead MoreObamacare And The Affordable Care Act1061 Words   |  5 Pages The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare or ACA, is the health reform law enacted in 2010 by Congress. The official name of this reform is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Many provisions of the law are already in effect and the rest are going to continue to develop until 2022. After a year of intense political wrangling, the health reform initiative was passed by Congress. Even though it falls short of providing universal coverage, it is unlike the Clinton proposal. TheRead MoreObamacare Or Affordable Care Act893 Words   |  4 PagesObamacare or Affordable care act (ACA) refers to the healthcare act introduced by President Obama in 2010 and represents one of the significant healthcare reforms since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The primary purpose of the reform was to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, expand the reach of insurance, and reduce the costs of healthcare for both individuals and government. First, we will analyze the merits and disadvantages of Obamacare – PROS 1. CurrentlyRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare )1604 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) into law in 2010, it has been met by criticism from many people from many different ideologies. Although the law held promise for allowing all individuals to afford healthcare and all of its benefits, that is not to say it does not have its downsides. Since passing, both the conservative and democratic parties have found reasons to dislike the law. This essay will include a description of the law itself, criticisms from the two parties

Reading Father and I Free Essays

Reading Father and I by Par Lagerkvist with Narrative and Culture Repetition One of the claims that J. Hillis Miller make in his essay Narrative, has to do with repetition and its relationship with enjoyment. Miller points out â€Å"We enjoy imitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Father and I or any similar topic only for you Order Now For one thing imitations are rhythmic, orderly and it is natural for us to take pleasure in rhythmic forms. † In answering the question, why we need the ‘same’ story over and over again, Miller adds â€Å"The repetition of a rhythmic pattern is intrinsically pleasurable, whatever the pattern is. The repetitions within the pattern are pleasurable themselves. From his claim, I can deduce that repetition is something that readers look for in a story. Come to think of it, it might be one of the driving forces that allow the reader to take interest. It is one primary consideration that writers need to take in making a story. In the fiction story, Father and I, by Par Lagerkvist, I find that the author not only uses repetition not only for enjoyment but also for the development of the story. Repetition is found in the rhetorical devices that he uses to develop his sentences. For one, he utilizes parallelism in his statements. There was noise and movement everywhere; bumblebees came out of their holes, midges swarmed wherever it was marshy, and birds darted out of the bushes to catch them and back again as quickly. † Another, he uses repetitive words in order to gain more impact in a sentence. â€Å"Nothing was right, nothing was real; it was all so weird. † The genius of Lagerkvist comes out in the repetition of events and elements in the plot and making them contradictory. The story repeats events and elements and creates a contrast of imagery depending on the time. The summary of events follow: the father and child go out, enter the woods, see animals and telegraph poles, encounter a train, and arrive at their destination. At day time, the woods are full of life and movement. Animals and telegraph poles sing. The train is a friendly passerby that greets the father and child. Their destination brings remembrance of the childhood of the father. But at night time, the woods change. Animals stare. Poles rumble like talking deep down from the earth. A train passes unexpectedly. They proceed to their destination with the child traumatized by the experience. In doing this, the author accomplishes his goal of creating crisis in the main character (child), bringing him from a situation of certainty and control to a situation of anguish and vulnerability. The skilful repetition of events allows me to read the story and follow the movement easily. The contradiction in the presentation of the events gives a two-sides-of-a-coin effect on the symbols employed by the story. The train, for example, isn’t just a symbol of the father’s ability to control but it also a symbol of his inability to foresee future danger. Performative Function Miller extensively discusses the functions of fiction in his essay. One of these functions that he writes about is the function that speech-act theorists call ‘performative function’. He writes, â€Å"A story has a way of doing things with words. It makes something happen in the real world: for example, it can propose modes of selfhood or ways of behaving that are then imitated in the real world. † Taking his statement and applying it to the story, I sense that Father and I proposes to the real world a stage of common experience and defines this experience. It pays close attention to the coming of age of a child; when the child grows from childhood to adulthood. This story describes how this coming-of-age can be like. The child begins to realize that he feels differently from his father. â€Å"It was so strange that only I was afraid, not Father, that we didn’t think the same. † The divide develops further when the child sees that the father (a railroad worker) didn’t recognize the train driver, â€Å"Father didn’t recognize him, didn’t know who he was. † He realizes that his father was powerless. â€Å"†¦The unknown, all that Father knew nothing about, that he wouldn’t be able to protect me against. † The story ‘performs’ by describing the processes that the child underwent. It defines how the child underwent the process of individuation. The child realizes that he is different from his father; his father no longer understands what he is going through. The child now is on his own; he begins understands what it is to be an individual. Further, the child becomes aware that there are things his father could not protect him from. He has to proceed on his own. He has to stand face the world that has its own darkness. In a rather stark manner, the author allows us to gain insight into the coming-of-age. This experience is an experience of cutting-off; this can be rather painful and lonely. He shows that this is an experience of independence; it will be a life for the person and not for anyone else. It is an experience of uncertainty; not everything will be in control. The world no longer revolves for the convenience of the person. â€Å"It just hurtled, blazing, into the darkness that had no end. † Culture Builders Greenblatt and Miller agree that stories are reflectors and builders of culture. Miller writes â€Å"Fiction [†¦] accurate reflectors of a culture and [†¦] are the makers of that culture and as the unostentatious, but therefore all the more effective policemen of that culture. Greenblatt adds to this by looking at culture as a movement of constraint and mobility. It has the movement of constraint: has a set of limits within which individuals must be contained. It has the movement of mobility: the regulator and guarantor of movement. We find these dynamics in the story as well. We can that the story reflects (moves as constraint) the culture of that time. We need to contextualize this first by looking at the background of the author. Par Lagerkvist lived from 1891 to 1974. He is a son of station master Anders Johan Lagerkvist and Johanna Blad, was born in the south of Sweden. Seeing this, I surmise that the story might come from a personal experience and reflects the culture of his time. In the story, we sense the qualities expected of the males in their culture. They were â€Å"sound and sensible people†. They â€Å"didn’t make much fuss about things. † They stay calm and not think of anything even in difficult situations. The story reflects the image of males as composed; even stoic and unfeeling. The story not only reflects these qualities but also challenges them. It tries to build culture brings about the movement of mobility. The child asks if the Father really does not feel fear. â€Å"I couldn’t understand how he could be so calm when it was so murky†. The story questions this breezy calm and asks for greater transparency. The story also brings to attention how the father is unconnected to feeling and how he could no longer relate to the experience of the child. The story questions that sense of security and certainty that are expected or found of in men of their culture. It challenges this culture to face the world even with one’s insecurity and vulnerability. How to cite Reading Father and I, Papers

Case Study of Compass Communications NZ-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Compass Communications NZ. Answer: Purpose The purpose of this project is to mitigate the problems that may exist while within Compass Communications NZ, implementing change management concepts from a Human Resources Management perspective. This project mainly aims to provide an insight into the concepts of NLP (Neuro-linguistic Programming) and the role of Kotter's change management model for resolving the problems that may be raised due to the implementation of changes in the organization. The traditional data centre was very power consuming, thus the company decided to change their data centre platform, and it is a major problem as this change may have had an impact on the employees of the organisation. From wide range analysis, it has been identified that the changes in the organisation can affect the employees commitment. Technological change always has an impact on all organisations. The existing issue must be resolved as the employees may resist the changes taking place at work. This phenomenon mainly occurs because they may feel less optimistic and hopeful about their professional future with the company. This project proposes change management practices using concepts such as Kotters Change Model and integrates it with techniques of Neuro-Linguistic Programming so that the changes can be implemented successfully within the organisation. This approach focusses on long term staff retention and employee satisfaction. The overall cost required for the project, total timeframe and the methodologies used for the project is being illustrated in this proposal. The SMART objectives that have been identified for this project are illustrated as below: Specific: Managing changes that may occur while resolving existing issues within the organization. Measurable: The changes within the organization does not hurt the employees. Achievable: The changes are successfully implemented with the help of change management model. Realistic: The resistance of the employees can be mitigated with the help of Kotters change management model. Time: This project will be accomplished within the estimated timeframe for implementation of the changes and managing the employees. Scope and Timeline The scope of this project is management of the changes to be implemented in the organization for resolving the issues from HR perspective. This project also focuses on management of the changes that are required for resolving the existing issues in Compass Communications NZ. Work Breakdown Structure Figure 1: Work Breakdown Structure for the project (Source: Created by Author) Timeline for the project WBS Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names 0 Change management in Compass Communications NZ 151 days Sun 6/25/17 Mon 1/22/18 1 Planning for project 14 days Sun 6/25/17 Thu 7/13/17 1.1 Defining the objectives of project 3 days Mon 6/26/17 Wed 6/28/17 Project Manager 1.2 Defining the milestones in the project 2 days Thu 6/29/17 Fri 6/30/17 2 Project Manager 1.3 HR planning 9 days Mon 7/3/17 Thu 7/13/17 1.3.1 Allocation of staffs 4 days Mon 7/3/17 Thu 7/6/17 3 HR Manager 1.3.2 Scheduling for the project 3 days Fri 7/7/17 Tue 7/11/17 5 Project Manager 1.3.3 Project Kickoff meeting 2 days Wed 7/12/17 Thu 7/13/17 6 Business Analyst, Project Manager M1 Completion of planning phase 0 days Sun 6/25/17 Sun 6/25/17 2 Initiation phase 71 days Fri 7/14/17 Fri 10/20/17 2.1 Review Phase Prerequisites 7 days Fri 7/14/17 Mon 7/24/17 7 Business Analyst, HR Manager 2.2 Monitor Project Performance 10 days Tue 7/25/17 Mon 8/7/17 10 Business Analyst, Project Manager 2.3 Update PMP and Communication Management Plan 15 days Tue 8/8/17 Mon 8/28/17 11 HR Manager, Project Manager 2.4 Perform Risk Management Activities 10 days Tue 8/29/17 Mon 9/11/17 12 HR Manager, Risk Manager 2.5 Initiate Implementation Activities 14 days Tue 9/12/17 Fri 9/29/17 13 HR Manager, Project Manager 2.6 Install System in Production Environment 15 days Mon 10/2/17 Fri 10/20/17 14 HR Manager, Quality Analyst 3 Change management 43 days Mon 10/23/17 Wed 12/20/17 3.1 Send the Change Implementation Notice 4 days Mon 10/23/17 Thu 10/26/17 15 HR Manager 3.2 Review the Security Plan 3 days Fri 10/27/17 Tue 10/31/17 17 HR Manager, Risk Manager 3.3 Execute the Training Plan 4 days Wed 11/1/17 Mon 11/6/17 18 HR Manager 3.4 Develop the Standard Operating Procedures 10 days Tue 11/7/17 Mon 11/20/17 19 Project Manager 3.5 Continue Execution of Business Process Change Management Plan 20 days Tue 11/21/17 Mon 12/18/17 20 HR Manager 3.6 Monitor the Marketplace 2 days Tue 12/19/17 Wed 12/20/17 21 HR Manager 4 Post-Implementation Review 23 days Thu 12/21/17 Mon 1/22/18 4.1 Review the Project Performance 6 days Thu 12/21/17 Thu 12/28/17 22 HR Manager 4.2 Assess Stakeholder Satisfaction 2 days Fri 12/29/17 Mon 1/1/18 24 HR Manager 4.3 Review the Project Conformance 3 days Tue 1/2/18 Thu 1/4/18 25 HR Manager 4.4 Identify Project Achievements 5 days Fri 1/5/18 Thu 1/11/18 26 Project Manager 4.5 Identify Gaps in Project Fulfillment/Project Failures 4 days Fri 1/12/18 Wed 1/17/18 27 Business Analyst, Project Manager 4.6 Identify Lessons Learned 3 days Thu 1/18/18 Mon 1/22/18 28 HR Manager, Project Manager 5 Project Closeout 0 days Mon 1/22/18 Mon 1/22/18 29 M5 Closure of project 0 days Sun 6/25/17 Sun 6/25/17 Project Deliverables The deliverables of the project to implement the changes for resolving the existing issues within Compass Communications NZ will be as illustrated below: Activity Completion date Plan for the project Thu 7/13/17 Initiation phase Fri 10/20/17 Change management Wed 12/20/17 Post-Implementation Review Mon 1/22/18 Closeout of the project Mon 1/22/18 Project Methodology The Project Approach Neuro Linguistic Programming includes the utilization of powerful methods that can be utilized to help the individuals who are contrarily influenced by the change. It does as such through helping individuals conquer those previous constraining engravings and after that enables them through building up and incorporating positive inspiration techniques (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Since hierarchical change affects all divisions and workers, everybody included must figure out how to manage the authoritative changes. In that capacity, it is basic to help the general population whose execution, versatility or responsibility will be tested through the progressions. This is the place the utilization of NLP has a major effect. NLP is utilized by many change administrators to enable individuals and associations to manage changes adequately. NLP furnishes change directors with the capacity to distinguish how every individual encounter the procedure of progress inside and outfits them with a huge and flexible arrangement of aptitudes to enable people and groups to travel through change with absolute ease. For this project, the NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming) can be implemented together with Kotter change management model that can be done in steps as illustrated below: Making a feeling of criticalness: When workers know about the need and earnestness for transform, they will be more disposed to help it and persuaded to make a move (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). This requires and open, legit and persuading discourse about the potential dangers of not actualizing the change and the advantages of experiencing the change. Making a controlling coalition: Kotter empowers the foundation of a group of progress pioneers from various offices inside the association. Making a dream: According to this model, a dream ought to be made that obviously characterizes where the association is heading. Exact venture designs ought to be set up that lead the association toward the path it needs to go to accomplish the vision. Imparting the vision: The vision is the result of the change, for which support and acknowledgement over the whole association are basic, in this way discourse about the vision is urged keeping in mind the end goal to illuminate it, make it straightforward and to discuss with others. Evacuating the impediments: Kotter stresses that it is essential to recognize the potential boundaries to change (e.g. hierarchical structure, representative ranges of abilities, singular imperviousness to change, and so forth.) and to deal with these ahead of time (Marchington et al., 2016). The representatives who are impervious to the change ought to be upheld through including them in the change procedure. Making here and now wins: Overcoming imperviousness to change and building positive energy toward the vision is advanced by setting here and now and achievable objectives that lead toward the coveted long-term result. Combining enhancements: This progression of the change procedure focusses on picking up progress energy by looking after earnestness, empowering worker strengthening and driving change toward the vision. Tying down the progressions: The last stride in this model is to bond the change into the corporate culture through incorporating it into the core of the association (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014). For this to happen, it is proposed that the associations esteems and measures ought to be compatible with the new vision, and the new parts of the workers ought to be adjusted. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) is, to be sure, a standout amongst the most earth shattering ideas in the field of business and administration today. The possibility of SHRM is to advance superior work environments and human capital administration. It essentially focuses on HR programs with long term goals i.e. rather than concentrating just on interior HR issues, the significant concentrate is on tending to and taking care of issues that influence individuals administration programs over the long term. Vital introduction of Strategic human resource management (HRM) is imperative for all associations independent of its size and area (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). It just requires the arrangement of each HR work with business procedure. It builds up connection amongst HRM and key administration of the association and encourages the HRM to change its picture as more cost oriented to that of a vital business partner. Conclusion From the above examination, it has been discovered that change administration is a perplexing procedure and requires genuine consideration and the inclusion of the administration and individuals from all levels, to accomplish a significant or a dynamic change crosswise over different levels. For any organization, individuals assume an extremely crucial part in driving business magnificence as they are the most important resources. Thus, an adjustment in the strategy for taking care of an occupation part, execution of encouraging mediations and preparing individuals about the new practices or systems, can bring about great outcomes as far as the arrival on speculation (ROI). Hence there is a need to effectively manage the changes within any organization for maintaining the competitive advantage. Bibliography Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L., Richardson, K. (2017, April). Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Hill, G. M. (2013).The complete project management office handbook. CRC Press. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Kasemsap, K. (2016). The roles of information technology and knowledge management in project management metrics.Project Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 229. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lientz, B., Rea, K. (2016).Breakthrough technology project management. Routledge. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A. M. E., Villanueva, P. (2014). Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), 327-340. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016).Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Martinelli, R. J., Milosevic, D. Z. (2016).Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

How Art Improves Our Lives Essays - Art Criticism,

How Art Improves Our Lives Art is a deliberate recreation of a new and special reality that grows from ones response to life. It improves our existence by enhancing, changing and perpetuating our cultural composition. The great artist knows how to impose their particular illusion on the rest of mankind, proclaimed Guy de Mauspassant. Art improves our lives by directly and indirectly lift the morale of individuals, creating unity and social solidarity. Art creates awareness of social issues. Art may express and reflect the religious, political, and economical aspects of cultures. Art is and can be what ever a culture says it is or what ever they want it to be. It involves all people, those who conceive the idea of the work, execute it, provide necessary equipment and materials, and people who make up the audience for the work. Art forms as diverse as architecture, body decoration, clothing manufacture, and memorial sculptures reflect social status. Art echoes the natural world. It gives order to the world and intensity to human life. Art is a means of communion as well as communication. It provides pleasurable experiences along with cerebral wealth. Art also helps us to express our sentimental relations. It can beautify, surprise, inspire, stimulate imagination, inform, tell stories, and record history. As someone once said, Art is life. Therefore, as teachers, it is our jobs to teach students about life through art. We must have a penetrating comprehension ourselves of how art affects our society in order to teach our students to comprehend the complex purposes of art. We must be aware of the global culture and heritage from which art emerges. For example when teaching our students art aesthetics, we must never let them think that there is only one way to view art. Students, and especially teachers, should be acceptable to all ways in which art evaluation can occur. Western aesthetics is based primarily on individuality, originality, permanence, and form. These factors cannot be applied to art from every culture. For example, African art is understood in terms of rites of passage, healing, power, control, and commerce. Students must be taught to understand the principles of art as they are understood by the cultural group in which they belong in order to truly achieve global awareness and appreciation for art. Obvio usly, teachers must gain this awareness themselves before they can impart it to their students. Travel, physically or intellectually, is necessary for teachers who truly aspire to instill a devotion to open-mindedness and tolerance in their students. Furthermore, teachers themselves must be open to teaching about culturally diverse art, and learning the history and meaning of behind such pieces. As teachers, we must constantly be open to expanding our base of knowledge and learning new information to share with our students. It is important to note that teaching art requires more than just looking at pictures, listening to music or watching a dance. To teach art in a truly meaningful way, principles of art history, production, criticism and aesthetics must be explored. Students must be taught to value not only the beauty of art, but also the meaning, elements and the history of art. Students do not naturally look at a painting and know the principles contained in it, who created it and for what purpose. Students must learn how to view and critique art in order to understand it. This understanding can come from being immersed in an environment in which art is an essential component to learning. If art is integrated throughout the curriculum, and is not relegated to half an hour per week of drawing, cutting or pasting, then students can develop a love and understanding for a variety of creative experiences involving artistic expression. An environment supportive of art development can be obtained in any cl assroom in which the teacher instills in the students a respect for the history, purpose and meaning of art. This doesnt mean that all students have to be great artists capable of completing outstanding works of art themselves; rather the implication is quite the opposite. Even students who are not great artists themselves are capable of appreciating, understanding, and perceiving art on a highly cognitive level. In order for this to happen students

Free Essays on Aerospace Engineering

I selected to do this paper on Aerospace engineering, a field which I have always been very fond of. Forever and a day the world of aviation and space exploration has been very close to me. My Uncle has been an astronautical engineer working for independent corporations for sometime now and his occupation has always intrigued me. He has designed over hundreds of economically sound spacecraft for the general public although none of his designs have been brought to life its just a matter of time. I can really see myself in this line of work creating and designing aircraft as well as spacecrafts doing things no one has yet to accomplish. Aerospace engineers are responsible for developing extraordinary machines, from airplanes that weigh over a half a million pounds to spacecraft that travel over 17,000 miles an hour. They design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacturing of these products. Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are considered aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are considered astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in flight, defense systems, and space exploration. They often use Computer-aided Design (CAD), robotics, and lasers and advanced electronic optics to assist them. Aerospace engineers typically are employed within the aerospace industry. Aerospace engineers held about 50,000 jobs in 2000. Almost one-half worked in the aircraft and parts and guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing industries. Federal Government agencies, primarily the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, provided almost 15 percent of jobs. Engineering and architectural services, research and testing services, and search and navigation equipment firms accounted for most of the remaining jobs. Employment of aerospace engineers is expected to grow about as fast as the ... Free Essays on Aerospace Engineering Free Essays on Aerospace Engineering I selected to do this paper on Aerospace engineering, a field which I have always been very fond of. Forever and a day the world of aviation and space exploration has been very close to me. My Uncle has been an astronautical engineer working for independent corporations for sometime now and his occupation has always intrigued me. He has designed over hundreds of economically sound spacecraft for the general public although none of his designs have been brought to life its just a matter of time. I can really see myself in this line of work creating and designing aircraft as well as spacecrafts doing things no one has yet to accomplish. Aerospace engineers are responsible for developing extraordinary machines, from airplanes that weigh over a half a million pounds to spacecraft that travel over 17,000 miles an hour. They design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacturing of these products. Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are considered aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are considered astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in flight, defense systems, and space exploration. They often use Computer-aided Design (CAD), robotics, and lasers and advanced electronic optics to assist them. Aerospace engineers typically are employed within the aerospace industry. Aerospace engineers held about 50,000 jobs in 2000. Almost one-half worked in the aircraft and parts and guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing industries. Federal Government agencies, primarily the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, provided almost 15 percent of jobs. Engineering and architectural services, research and testing services, and search and navigation equipment firms accounted for most of the remaining jobs. Employment of aerospace engineers is expected to grow about as fast as the ...

'The distinction between the threat from terrorism and the threat from Essay

'The distinction between the threat from terrorism and the threat from organised crime is frequently blurred'. Critically discuss this statement - Essay Example The terms terrorism and organized crime have been generally considered to be of activities having different objectives and features. Yet recent incidents have proven the active involvement of the terrorists in the organized crime and vice versa. For the sake of defining the terms, the organized crime could be called as the illegal activities performed under an organized set up intended to make profit. Where as terrorism is rather political or religious oriented crime with political objectives and involve in sabotage and other activities that would intimidate or kill a large number of people. Terrorism manifests itself standing for fighting religious, political, social and economic inequalities and exploitation. (Ghosh S.K., 1995 p.6) Almost every nation at least for a single time has confronted with certain internal or external subversive movements. Obviously every government leaves some people unsatisfied during their regime. Today terrorism and organized crime are the two sides of the same coin which can not be separated since they are having certain similarities and difference in their activities. The recent investigations have brought out the hidden linkage between the terrorist groups and transnational organized criminals. According to L.I. Shelley (2002) today terrorism and transnational crime are the two central threats to our national and international threat. He describes the linkage of the two as follows; both use the similar mean to exploit the modern technology; use the same operators and same systems to move their fund; both are running a good network; and terrorists also involve in crime in order to meet fund for their activities. According to the general concept terrorism is aiming at certain changes in the political scenario. Whereas organized crime looks at fiscal benefits through the illegal means. (Schmid P., 2006.p.3). The definition seems to be rather weak in the present global scenario because the real objective of the modern

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Finance - Assignment Example 6. Â  If you calculate the growth prospects of a firm and from this forecast you project the amount of and timing of dividends and then you discount this dividend stream back to the present you are applying the Firm Foundation Theory. 8. Â  I do not currently own shares of FB. I think that the business model of FB is going to fail. I decide to borrow shares of FB and then sell these borrowed shares. This is an example of a short sale. 9. Â  It was individual investors who made huge mistakes that led to the dot.com and housing bubbles and the collapse of these markets. If individuals had allowed professionals to manage their money the destruction of value that took place when the dot.com and housing bubbles burst could have been avoided. 10. Investors are rational and this places constraints on asset prices. For example if Company X owns 90% of company Y and 10% of Company Y is traded on a stock exchange then the value of company X will always be the value of 90% of company Y plus the value of Company X. 11. IPOs are a way for insiders to liquidate their ownership interests of a company. IPOs tend to increase in frequency during a stock market bubble because the public is demanding to participate in the market for a new technology. This demand increases the value of shares offered and fuels the demand for more share

Performance Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance Evaluation - Essay Example This is one important aspect which the current rating scale does not consider. Another point of concern is that the ratings given by supervisors may be biased. A person may be an excellent worker but may have differences with the supervisor. This would result in him received a bad feedback despite displaying excellent end – results in work. Another point of concern is that people may be work shirkers and at the same time develop cordial relationships with colleagues and bosses. This appraisal system will not judge the person on the skills performed and he will still receive good rankings. On the other hand, a good worker who is unable to please colleagues and bosses may receive poor rankings. This will lead to frustration and people may even leave the organization in future. Performance of an employee can be evaluated by following some common criteria. In order to assess performance, a set objective must be given to each employee at the start of the year. Depending on the achi evement of both short – term and long – term goals, the performance of an employee can be judged. Some of the most common criteria for juding the performance evaluation of an employee are as follows: 1. Skill and expertise in performing a task – One of the most common criteria is the skill and expertise shown in performing a task. This may involve critical issues like problem solving and decision making skills. Meeting deadlines and meeting up with the quality and service standards is also included in this. 2. Behavioural aspects – the behavioural aspects of an employee should also be taken into consideration while judging the performance of an employee. Cordial attitude and good rapport with staff. A leader should encourage the followers to perform a task in a proper way, assumes responsibility for finishing a task and is accountable for the losses made due to his or her decisions. Keeping things organized and maintaining good relationships with subordin ates is also a common criterion for performance evaluation. 3. Verbal feedback of the superior is also an important criteria for performance evaluation. There should be a face – to – face interaction between the superior and subordinates in which the superior suggests areas of improvement and also rates the subordinate on his or her performance. 4. Performance evaluation criteria must not be biased and should be impartial and fair. The supervisor should try to judge the subordinate depending on the work performed and the behavioural traits shown towards a work. He or she should not give wrong ratings due to individual differences. The current organization does not take into account the performance of the engineer. Here the supervisor found that the current performance evaluation was indeed biased as it did not take into consideration the positive traits that the engineer displayed in matching deadlines and attaining a certain task to perfection. Hence the current perfo rmance evaluation systems need to be altered as it does not consider all of the above mentioned common criteria to evaluate the performance of an employee. All in all, performance evaluation should be a judicious mix of qualitative and quantitative aspects displayed by an employee in his work place. (Weiss, Brennan, Thomas, Kirlik & Miller, 2009). The feedback method which entails taking into consideration the opinions given by superiors, peers and subordinates in the performance appraisal of an employee is known a 360 degree

Feminist Perspective on the Family

Feminist Perspective on the Family A Woman/s Place Was in the Home: Has Feminism Finished the Family? Government debates and some religious discourse harks back to what Finch (1989) has described as the myth of a golden age of the family. Various studies on the family tend to suggest that in Western societies family forms have differed depending on wider social events such as the Industrial Revolution and also demographically. In England for example, family patterns in rural areas and in poor areas differ from those in more affluent areas. In poorer areas families are more likely to involve wider relationships such as grandparents and aunts and uncles. During the nineteenth century the idea of the nuclear family became the most prevalent. This is what is often referred to as the traditional family and the source of what have been called traditional values. It is this family form that has attracted the most criticism, especially from feminists. Even without a feminist critique there have been widespread experiences of changes in the UK and other Western countries during the last forty years concerning marriage, household, and family forms. These are changes that would have been unimaginable before the Second World War (Giddens, 2001). People wait longer before getting married and more people are less likely to marry than used to be the case. What has been called second wave feminism began in the 1960s. Many of its opponents argue that it is feminism which has led to a drop in the number of marriages, greater divorce rates among those who do marry, and a consequent rise in the number of single parent families. Before the late 1960s having a child out of wedlock was still a source of great social shame but during the closing years of the twentieth century the number women who had children but were not married continued to rise. Figures available for 1997 indicate that at that time this group made up 42% of all lone parent households (Social Trends, 2000). Although feminism has been cited as the cause of such changes, this criticism is based on the view that the â €˜traditional’ family was an eternal form until women challenged this view. This paper will begin with a definition of key concepts. It will then look at the concept and history of the family. It will examine the notion that a woman’s place was in the home until the advent of feminism. It will look at different family forms and then assess whether feminism has brought about the end of traditional ideas of the family. Family Murdock 1949 describes a family in the following way: The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of sexually cohabiting adults (Murdock, 1949).[1] Family forms vary across societies but theorists maintain that the most prevalent form is the nuclear family described below. Larger family units are referred to as extended families. Feminism Women have argued for equal rights with men since the 18th Century when Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) wrote her Vindication of the Rights of Women. Other women followed in her stead, the most famous being the Pankhurst sisters and the suffragettes who fought for women’s right to vote (Abbott andWallace, 1997). Modern feminism began in the 1960s with the work of American writer Betty Frieden (1965) and this has come to be known as second wave feminism. Alister McGrath (1993) has written that, Feminism has come to be a significant component of modern western culture. At its heart, feminism is a global movement working towards the emancipation of women. The older term for the movement-womens liberation- expressed the fact that it is at heart a liberation movement directing its efforts toward achieving equality for women in modern society, especially through the removal of obstacles-including beliefs, values, and attitudes- which hinder that process (McGrath, 1993:111). The Concept and History of the Family The family is the primary place of socialization and the place where children are introduced to the norms and values of a given society (Talcott Parsons,1951). Parsons work referred to what has come to be known as the nuclear family. Nuclear families consist of parents and children living together, family members ostensibly provide mutual love and support. It is this support that enables individual family members to contribute to society and lead productive lives (Giddens, 2001). In the nuclear family one of the adults is employed outside the home and there should be an unrestricted sharing of income (Cheal, 1991).Theorists such as Murdock (1949 cited in Giddens, 2001) have argued that traditional concepts of the family are to be found in all societies and that the family is a necessary and central institution in society. Whether one regards traditional notions of the family as being pertinent to all societies depends largely on how the family is defined, certainly it might be argued that the nuclear model is no longer the norm in contemporary society. Willmott and Young (1957) undertook what has come to be regarded as one of the most important studies on the sociology of the family in Britain. The work investigated families and family life in East London during the 1950s. The study was undertaken at a time when housing policies and greater financial rewards meant that when a couple married they were able to set up home on their own. Increased geographical mobility also meant that many young couples lived a good distance from their families. As a consequence of this and the fact that more women were working outside the home it was argued that the division of labour in the home was changing, as more women went out to work so men would take on more domestic chores. Willmott and Young (1957) believed tha t the family would become a more democratic institution where work, finance, and family responsibilities were shared. Willmott and Young maintained that with the passing of time the family would become more symmetrical i.e. that the changing nature of men and women’s roles would mean that their family roles would become interchangeable (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Feminists challenge this view Walby (1990) maintains that the family is still a site of oppression for women and that this is the place where their roles are perpetuated. Furthermore, feminist writers such as Abbott and Wallace (1997) have argued that the nuclear model of the family is too narrow. They also claim that such a concept neglects the fact that not all family members experience life in the same way, or receive equal measures of support. Goode (1963)argues that social systems such as the family, are powerful agents of control because to some extent their existence is founded on force. Within social systems such as the family this is often unrecognized, because it is hidden it is effective. Gittens (1992) is of the opinion that in modern Britain: Ideals of family relationships have become enshrined in our legal, social, religious and economic systems which, in turn, reinforce the ideology and penalise or ostracise those who transgress it (Gittens, 1992, p.74). The Family and Ideology In pre-industrial society most of the household chores were undertaken by children. There was little distinction between home and work, the private and public spheres, families generally worked the land and they did this together. The rise of industrialization and the growth of the towns brought massive changes to what had constituted the family and family life up until that time. Oakley (1981) maintains that the coming of the factories replaced the family as the unit of production. In 1819 the Factory Act was introduced and this resulted in the growing dependence of children, and also to women’s increased dependence on men and their restriction to the private sphere. During the 19th and early 29th Centuries there was a growing resistance to the employment of married women as wage earners. This was because working women were perceived as threatening to male employment and so there was pressure to keep them at home (Hacker, 1972). The nineteenth century witnessed the embedding of gender roles which were epitomized in men’s idealisation of the feminine. Women were seen to be both physically and emotionally weaker than men and therefore not suited to the same roles. The following is a rationalization for men’s idealistic views of women and why they were confined to the home. No woman can or ought to know very much of the mass of meanness and wickedness and misery that is loose in the wide world. She could not learn it without losing the bloom and freshness which it is her mission in life to preserve (Quoted in Hudson, 1970:53-4). Victorian ideology said that women were created to help men and this became the rationalization for their confinement to the home. To start with this primarily affected the middle classes, as the century progressed, however, the working classes were also subjected to this ideology. Oakley (1981) maintains that this had the effect of locking women into the housewife role, further cementing the growing ideology of gender roles. Murdock (1949 in Giddens, 2001) argued that gender roles are the natural result of the biological differences between men and women. Such differences, he maintained, made the sexual division of labour the most sensible way of organising society. This view became endemic in society and has affected much Government policy. When Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 the Conservatives were calling themselves the party of the family. They maintained that people should be discouraged from cohabitation or from homosexuality and supported the patriarchal nuclear famil y where the father was the person to enforce behavioural standards. Even though single parent families, extended families and reconstituted families were becoming more prevalent at the time these were not regarded as the norm or as desirable (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Barrett and McIntosh (1980) have argued that ideas centred on a man being able to earn enough to support a family benefited the capitalist economy and the working man at the expense of women. They maintain that this idea of a family wage is still embedded in society and has been a major aspect of women’s inequality with men. The idea that a man was entitled to earn a family wage but women were not has meant that women have, (and still do in a number of areas) earn less than men. Furthermore, the low pay which accompanies what is often termed ‘women’s work’ means that women’s choices are restricted and their economic power within marriage has been reduced. Changing Work Patterns Even though there had been widespread resistance towards women working outside the home Oakley (1981) maintains that this began to change after the first World War, and between 1914 and 1950 the number of women working outside the home showed a steady increase. In spite of this their primary role was still seen in terms of being a housewife. Since the 1960s women have been struggling to achieve participation in paid employment which is equal to that of men. This has been the case for women from all walks of life (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). These struggles resulted in the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1970 which meant that women were entitled to the same pay as men if they were doing the same job. In 1975 it became illegal under the Sex Discrimination Act to discriminate against women in education, in employment, and in the provision of goods. The European Court demanded a strengthening of the Equal Pay Act in Britain in 1982. This was followed by a further amendment in 1984 wh ich allowed that women were entitled to the same pay as men in their organisations providing they could prove that their work involved the same kinds of decision making and skills as their male counterparts. Women should have equal access and an equal chance for promotion. Some jobs were regarded as outside the confines of the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act e.g. only women could work in a women’s refuge (Haralambos et al 2000). Feminist Criticisms of the Family Since the 1970s and 80s the main sociological focus on families has been concerned with the experiences of women and children, furthermore, the highlighting of these experiences has generated a growth in awareness that the family is an ideological form that does not always work in everyone’s best interests. Feminists have highlighted the fact that for centuries women have been the subordinate sex in society and that this subordination is largely a result of their biology i.e. the fact that they have been born women rather than men. Feminists maintain that there is a disjuncture between women’s experiences of being in a family as wives and mothers and ideologies of domesticity. For a long time many women have felt extremely dissatisfied with the role ascribed to them once they are married and it was this dissatisfaction that Betty Friedan (1965) was seeking to express when she referred to the experience of American housewives in the 1960s as suffering from ‘the pro blem that has no name’. For some women the ideal of family life is seen as desirable, but their experiences within their own families, falls far short of that ideal (Stanley and Wise, 1983). The gender roles that women have been assigned are constructed on the basis of this biological difference rather than such roles being innate (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Gender roles are socially constructed and reinforced through the family and the education system. This is done through the different ways that authority figures have of relating to boys and girls, and the fact that there is a tendency to give girls dolls and tea sets, and to give boys toy cars and construction sets (Firestone, 1971). However, Connell (1987) has argued that this view tends to ignore the capacity of individuals to accept or reject the social expectations that are embedded in gender roles. Thus Connell maintains that boys and girls may choose elements from each others roles e.g. the tendency of some girls to become involved in competitive sports, and boys dressing in drag when alone. Connell (1987) has said that this may result in males and females building themselves a fantasy life that is in contradic tion to their public actions, thus gender roles can be interchangeable. Feminists have also pointed out that gender socialization is evident in a hidden curriculum in the education system where books that represent males and females in ‘traditional’ roles reinforce the view that men and women have different paths in life. Until the late 1980s girls were less likely than boys to achieve the requisite number of A levels to enter university. In recent years the focus has tended to be on the growing underachievement of boys because girls are matching or exceeding boys across the curriculum and thus there are more women entering higher education. This does not, however, give them much advantage in the job market where they are disadvantaged in comparison with males who have the same qualification levels (Epstein, et al, 1998). Despite these things Moore (2002), maintains that things are changing, men are taking on more domestic responsibility than they were 20 years ago and often have a much greater involvement with their children than in the past. This has gained official recognition through the introduction of parental leave. In the past, although mothers were entitled to maternity leave, fathers did not have paternity leave. Parental leaves allows both parents to legitimate time off, however, unless men have sympathetic employers, this leave is unpaid and so often not taken. Changes within families has also meant (as mentioned earlier) that the structure of the family itself is changing. As it has already been noted, women’s subordination increased with the rise of industrialisation and the separation between public and private spheres (Oakley 1981). The continuing erosion of this distinction over the latter half of the 20th Century has been a significant factor in the changing nature of the family. There are a number of forces at work in the decline of what has been called the traditional family. Feminists have highlighted these changes while at the same time exposing the unequal power relationships that exist within society and within the family (Harding, 1987, Walby, 1986). They relate this inequality to the patriarchal nature of society. Rich (1976) has argued that patriarchy is a social and ideological system where men determine the roles that women should or should not play in society. Oakley (1981 and Pahl (1983)[2] have cited the division of roles, both within the family, and in the wider society, as a major site of oppression for women. Traditionally the man has been seen as the breadwinner once children arrive and this puts the woman at a disadvantage as research has shown that there is a relationship between money, power and inequality (Vogler, C and Pahl, J.1999)[3]. Because the family has been seen as the primary site of socialization (Parsons, 1951), it is also a useful place for social conditioning where obedience to authority lays the foundation for the submissive workforce that capitalism requires. Delphy (1977) has argued that gender differences are socially constructed and they tend to serve the interests of the dominant groups in society. Delphy further contends that women should be treated as a separate class because the categories of man and woman are not biological, but political and economic categories. Therefore women form a class who are exploited by men, and this is particularly evident in the nuclear family. Thus, Delphy writes: While the wage-labourer sells his labour power, the marrie woman gives hers away; exclusivity and non-payment are intimately connected. To supply unpaid labour within the framework of a universal and personal relationship (marriage) constructs primarily a relationship of slavery (Delpy, 1977:15). Marxist feminists argue that while Marxism may give an explanation of exploitation by the capitalist system it does not explain the inequalities between women and men, as Delphy (1977) maintains gender and sexual inequality should be the fundamental categories of feminist analysis. Marxism alone does not explain for example why women should be seen as responsible for household tasks and capitalism could just as easily still profit if men stayed at home The Community Care Act of 1990 has imposed further responsibilities on women in the role of informal carers, this places considerable stress on women’s health, particularly as nowadays many women who have a family also work outside the home. Dalley (1988) argues that much Government’s policy making, particularly the idea of community care is based on outmoded notions of the ideal family, where most married women do not go out to work, and b) it is the woman’s duty to assume the caring role. Under such circumstances it is widely assumed that the caring that women do in the home is a natural part of women’s role within the family even though many more women work than used to be the case. Changing Family Structures Since the Second World War there has been a dramatic rise in women’s participation in the workforce, although a lot of this has been part-time employment. The 1991 Census shows that the workforce was 47% women although there were regional and ethnic variations and single women are more likely to be employed than are married women. This is largely because women’s participation in the labour market is affected by their domestic responsibilities (Abbott and Tyler, 1995). Many women spend time out of the labour market when they have young children and then may work part time while children are at school only returning to full employment when their children are older. Few women have continuous careers as a result of their domestic responsibilities. Although child care arrangements do have an effect on women’s working patterns, lack of proper child care is not the only reason women do not participate more fully in the workplace. For example, while the number of women i n work has continued to rise only a third of single mothers with young children are economically active (HMSO, 1999). This is due to the fact that, despite Government initiatives such as Sure Start Centres, most lone mothers do not have either sufficient extra support to return to the workplace, or can only take low paid work which may leave them worse off than they were on benefits. In addition to this the welfare system was formed on the basis that the traditional nuclear family, with a man at its head, should be the norm. It is not, therefore, set up to deal with the increasing number of single parent households (Moore, 2002). Government continued concentration on the notion of the traditional family, tends to make single parent families appear as deviant, when in fact this type of family has become more prevalent as have other family forms. Gittins (1993) maintains that there are a wide variety of domestic relationships and that although relationships may be universal, the can take an infinite variety of forms. Besides the nuclear family there is the extended family, often a feature of minority ethnic groups. There are also many single parent families, whether through death, divorce or choice. Second marriages that often result in what is known as reconstituted families, e.g. where one or both partners have children from other relationships, are also becoming more prevalent. The last twenty years have also seen a rise in the number of people living together, or cohabiting, without the bonds of marriage. Different family relationships are also more evident due to the different ethnic groupings that now make up the UK (Giddens, 2001). Different attitudes towards those people who are not heterosexual has meant that an increasing number of gay and lesbian men and women now choose to live together as couples, and may or may not have children.[4] According to Hartley-Brewer (1999) contends that the family (as we have known it) is evolving, rather than the emphasis being on mother and father it should be on nurturing parents of whatever sex. It might therefore be argued that the home may soon cease to be the specific place for women and could become the place for dependent children and caregiver, who may not necessarily be a biological parent. Conclusion This assignment has looked at the concept and history of the family and at feminist criticisms. As noted earlier an increasing number of families are matriarchal or matrifocal, this is often the case in Caribbean families. This has generated debates about whether fatherless families are the source of an increasing number of social problems. Dennis and Erdos (1992) maintain that without adult examples of the proper conduct in relationships the children from families with absent fathers will not have the ability to become effective members of a social group. It is further argued that if a boy grows up without a father present then he will struggle to be a successful parent himself. Blankenhorn (1995) has argued that the high divorce rates of Western nations does not mean simply the absence of fathers from the home but the erosion of the idea of fatherhood, and that this will have lethal consequences. Fukuyama (1997) maintains that the roots of the disruption of society and of the tradi tional family can be attributed to the rising numbers of female employment. This, he argues, changes men’s perceptions of women, they now perceive women a being more capble and independent and thus able to care for a child without a man’s help. It is Fukuyama’s (1997) contention that the emancipation of women can lead to the further abdication of responsibility by men. Clearly a number of social and historical forces have contributed to the changing nature of the family. Many of these forces have been highlighted in feminist work, whether or not feminism has brought about the death of the family is a matter of opinion. On the evidence presented above it might be argued that feminism itself was the result of social, historical, and economic processes and it is these processes, rather than feminism, that is changing our view of what constitutes a family. Bibliography Abbott and Wallace, 1997 An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge Abbott and Tyler 1995 Ethnic variation in the female labour force: a research note†in British Journal of Sociology 46 pp 330-353 Allan, Graham and Crow, Graham 2001 Families, Households and Society: Basingstoke: Palgrove Barrett and Mcintosh 1980 â€Å"The family wage: Some problems for socialists and Feminists† Capitlalism and Class 11 pp51-72 Blankenhorn, D 1995 Fatherless America New York, Basic Books Cheal,m D 1991 The Family and the State of Theory Hemel Hempstead, Harvester, Wheatsheaf Connell, R. 1987 Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics Cambridge, Polity Coontz, S, and Henderson, P. eds. 1986. Women’s Work, Men’s Prosperity. London, Verso. Crow, G. and Hardey, M. 1992 â€Å"Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in Modern Britain† in Marsh, C. and Arber, S. eds 1992 Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London, Macmillan. Dalley, G. 1988 Ideologies of caring: Rethinking Community and Collectivism London, Macmillan Delphy, C 1977 The Main Enemy London, Women’s Research and Resource Centre Dennis, N and Erdos, G 1992 Families without Fatherhood London, IEA Health and Welfare Unit Epstein et al 1998 Failing boys: Issues in Gender and Achievement Buckingham, OUP Finch, J 1989 Family Obligartions and Social Change Cambridge, Polity Press Firestone, S. 1971 The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution London, Cape Friedan, B 1965 The Feminist Mystique, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth Fukuyama F. 1997 The End of Order London, Social Market Foundation Giddens, A. 2001 4th edition. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Gittens, D. 1993 The Family in Question: Changing households and familial ideologies London, Macmillan Goode w. 1963 World Revolution and Family Patterns New York, Free Press Graham, H. 1993 Hardship and Health in Women’s Lives Hemel Hempstead, Harvester/Wheatsheaf Hacker, H. 1972 â€Å"Women as a Minority Group† in Glazer-Malbin and Waehrer eds. 1972. Woman in a Man-Made World. Chicago, Rand-Mcnally Haralambos,M. Holborn, M. and Heald, R.2000. 5th ed. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, Harper Collins. Hartley-Brewer, J. 1999†Gay couple will be legal parents† Guardian 28th October 1999 Hartmann, H. 1981. â€Å"The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: toward a more progressive union† in Sargent, L. ed. 1981 The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: A Debate on Class and Patriarchy. London, Pluto Press HMSO 1999 Social Trends 29 London, HMSO Hudson, K., 1970. The Place of Women in Society. London, Ginn. McGrath, A 1993 Modern Christian Thought, Blackwell, Oxford Moore, S 2002 Social Welfare Alive (3rd ed) Cheltenham, Nelson Thorne Murdock, G. 1949. Social Structure. New York, Macmillan. Oakley, A. 1981. Subject Women. Oxford, Martin Robinson Parsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press Parsons, T. 1951 The Social System New York, The Free Press Stanley and Wise 1983 Breaking Out London, Routledge Walby, S 1986 Patriarchy at Work, Cambridge, Polity. Walby,S. 1990. Theorising Patriarchy. Blackwell, Oxford. Walby,S. 1997. Gender Transformations. London, Routledge Willmott and Young 1957 Family and Kinship in East London London, Harmondsworth Wollstonecraft, M 1792 The Disenfranchisement of Women, in Schneir, M (ed.) 1996 The Vintage Book of Historical Feminism, Vintage, London 1 Footnotes [1] Quoted in Haralambos and Holborn, 2000:504 no page given for Murdock quote. [2] Cited in Abbott and Wallace 1997 ibid. [3] Ditto [4] Either through the adoption process, artificial insemination, or an earlier heterosexual relationship

Feedback Stress: Does Auditory Feedback Negatively Affect Performance o

In his historic study, Stroop found that reading names of colors interfered with individuals’ ability to name the ink color the word was printed in when the two differed (i.e., the word â€Å"BLUE† written in red ink) (1935). However, the basis of this phenomenon can be traced back to Cattell who found that naming colors and pictures took twice as long to accomplish than reading the word these colors or pictures represented (1886). He concluded that this was due to reading being an automatic process while identifying colors or pictures requires a conscious effort (Cattell, 1886). MacLeod (1991) reflects that it was Cattell’s work which strongly influenced future psychologist including Stroop. In his experiment, Stroop investigated how the reaction time to name colors increased when it conflicted with the automatic process of reading. He broke down his experiment into three parts. In the first, he tested how reading the name of a color printed in a different ink color (i.e., BLUE) differed from reading the name of a color printed in black ink (i.e., BLUE). The difference between the name of the color and the ink color it was printed in caused a slight interference resulting in an increased reaction time of 2.3 seconds (Stroop, 1935). In the second part of his experiment, Stroop (1935) looked at reaction time differences between naming the color of solid blocks (i.e., ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"  ) versus naming the color of the ink not the name of the color (i.e., responding â€Å"RED† for BLUE). He found that participants required 74% more time to name the color of the ink when it did not agree with the name of the color (Stroop, 1935). Stroop concluded that it was the interference between the automatic process of reading the names of the colored w... ...oop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging – validation study with functional MRI. Human Brain Mapping, 6(4), 270-282. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:4 Cattell, J. M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind, 11(41), 63-65. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop Effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W. Naparstek, J., & Williams, J. (1992). Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 479-491. Shor, R. E. (1975). An auditory analog of the Stroop test. Journal of General Psychology, 93, 281-288. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643-662.